Background and Objectives: In recent years, extensive studies have been conducted to investigate the biological activities, nutritional value and important health benefits of marine BIOACTIVE materials. The present study is designed to review BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES in sea cucumbers with emphasis on BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES in Holothuria.  Methods: The survey has been conducted on Scopus and PubMed since 2005. Duplicate articles have been removed. The following keywords were used to investigate cellular toxicity and BIOACTIVE, antibacterial effects: holoturia, BIOACTIVE, antibacterial, and cytotoxic (Tsujimoto Yet al, 2017). Findings: The BIOACTIVE effects of sea cucumbers, especially Holothuria species, represent a wide range of therapeutic applications. These include anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antibiotic, restorative, and many others. Conclusion: The BIOACTIVE compounds in sea cucumber extract further clarify their relevance to their role in clinical settings and the discovery of BIOACTIVE peptides that will eventually lead to drug discovery. Future research in this area should also focus on optimizing extraction processes so that the precise function of these compounds is pharmacologically significant. The effect of extracts from some Holoturia species demonstrates natural inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, which could lead to the development of new antibiotic agents over time, given the growing global problem of antibiotic resistance.

This study has aimed to determine the amount of flavonoids, anthocyanins, total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity of the grape in the polar and nonpolar sub-fractions of methanolic extracts with two extraction methods, maceration and ultrasonic. The phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of selected grape (Vitis vinifera L. "Red Seedless") from Maragheh region, East Azerbaijan (Iran) were investigated with a view to their exploitation as a potential source of natural antioxidants. Antioxidant activities of the samples were determined by three testing systems namely DPPH, β, carotene/linoleic acid and reducing power assays. In the DPPH system, the highest radical scavenging activity was observed by the polar sub-fraction of the methanolic extract in frozen fruits (IC50 = 26. 34 ±,6. 5 µ, g/ml). In order to evaluate the efficiency of different methods for the extraction of the main polyphenols in grape, two methods were tested and compared. The results showed that the maceration method is better method as compared to the ultrasonic method. These advantages are visible on extracting of the flavonoids, anthocyanin, total phenolic, ascorbic acid contents and antioxidant capacity. Our findings demonstrate that the methanolic extracts of frozen and dried fruits of Vitis vinifera may be suggested as a strong potential source of natural antioxidant.

Synthetic hormones and BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES (vitamins, pigments and isoflavons) which have been used in the feed industry are accumulated in milk, meat and eggs. It is suspected that these are responsible for a number of side-effects such as carcinogenesis, liver and kidney damage, allergies in consumers. Furthermore the synthetic hormones, vitamins, pigments are less active than those extracted from natural sources. That is why there is a growing worldwide interest in finding new and safe biologically active SUBSTANCES from natural origin. The application of some natural no hormonal products increases the reproductive potential of male and female animals and poultry. These may improve gametogenesis, ovulation and sperm quality. The purpose of this overview is to present some natural sources of biologically active SUBSTANCES and to summarize their positive influence on reproduction in livestock and poultry.

Pulses form stable dietary components for majority of population across the world. Different people consume pulses in different ways like Uncooked, Soaked, and cooked or only cooked without soaking. All these processing techniques lead to changes in the nutritional value of the pulses. Studies have also reported that in addition to nutritional components like Proteins, Carbohydrates, and fats, pulses also contain anti-nutritional components like Lectins, Tannins, and Polyphenols that greatly interfere with digestion of pulses in the human intestine. Hence in the current study a comprehensive review is being compiled to evaluate the nutritional and antinutritional aspects of pulses and effect of processing methods on invitro protein and starch digestibility of the pulses.

Organic industry is a small but progressive section of food industry in developed countries. Organic products are categorized based on the percentage of the proportion of the organic ingredients to nonorganic ingredients in their formulation. Using preservatives, synthetic food colorants and flavorings are prohibited. The non-organic ingredients must be legally accepted in organic codex standard.In recent years, the higher concentration of BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES, like antioxidants and phenolic compounds has been suggested in organic foods comparing to commercial products. In comparison to commercial foods, organic foods also carry less nitrate and chemical residue but limited use of fungicide may raise the probability of contamination of organic products with mycotoxin. This study aimed to review the characteristics of organic foods in five sections of law, marketing, production, nutritional features and food safety.

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the trend of changes in phenolics and nitrogen contents in aerial, underground and rhizosphere of saffron based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during two years of 2008 and 2009. Four samplings were performed as follows: rhizosphere, corm and leaves were sampled in early Oct., early Feb., 2009, and early May, early July, 2010 from four- year old farms in central section of Abrood village in Torbat-e-Heidarieh city. In order to measure total phenolics and nitrogen contents Folin Cio-Calteau micro method and micro-kjeldahl methods were applied, respectively. Results showed that nitrogen and phenolic contents of saffron aerial and underground organs and rhizosphere were significantly different during sampling stages (p≤0.05).Nitrogen and phenolic contents of leaves were much higher than corm and rhizosphere. So the highest phenolic contents in the first, second, third and fourth sampling stages were recorded for corm, leaf, leaf and rhizosphere with 3.13, 7.47, 11.48 and 0.28 mg.kg-1, respectively. The maximum nitrogen contents in these stages were observed for corm, leaf, leaf and rhizosphere with 1.60, 2.29, 1.14 and 0.91 mg.kg, respectively. By increasing nitrogen content, phenolic increased linearly, so that correlation coefficient of nitrogen and phenolic contents were determined equal to r2 =0.92 **. Increase of nitrogen use affected by increase of carbon allocation due to increasing photosynthate production caused to increase phenolic concentrations as one of the most important secondary metabolites.